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The redistricting arms race sparked by President Donald Trump has spawned congressional maps across the country that have greatly benefited Republicans as they try to maintain their narrow control of the House.
Republicans in seven states - Alabama, Florida, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee and Texas - have adopted maps more favorable to their party since last summer. Democrats have responded by drawing a friendlier map for themselves in California and unsuccessfully trying to do the same in Virginia.
A judge approved a new map for Utah that is likely to give Democrats a seat there, and courts are considering challenges elsewhere. In January, a panel of federal judges allowed California's new map to stand, giving Democrats a victory.
The Supreme Court weighed in on one of the biggest prizes - Texas - in December, clearing the way for the map to take effect after a three-judge panel previously ruled against it.
The high court ruling was a victory for Trump and his party. The justices gave an even bigger win to Republicans in April, when they weakened a major component of the Voting Rights Act and gave Republicans more opportunities to draw districts in their favor. The decision set off a fresh round of last-minute redistricting ahead of the midterm elections that is likely to end the careers of many Black lawmakers.
States typically draw new district lines once a decade, after each census, or if a map is struck down in court. There is also a tight timeline to get changes into place before the midterm elections this fall.
Republicans hold a 217-212 House majority, with five vacancies and one independent, and any change to the congressional map could determine which party controls the chamber next term.
Here's a look at some of the targets and the steps involved to change political boundaries in these states - and whether the districts leaned toward Trump or Democratic nominee Kamala Harris in the 2024 presidential election.
Texas
The redistricting battle began with Texas, where Trump pressed Gov. Greg Abbott (R) to draw congressional boundaries with more safely red seats. Republicans complied and approved a map that could give them up to five more seats. Voting rights groups sued, and a three-judge panel struck down the new map as a racial gerrymander. The Supreme Court ruling in December ensured the new map will take effect.
New map Republicans control 25 of Texas's 38 House seats. The new map is more partisan and includes 30 districts that recorded double-digit vote margins for Trump in the 2024 presidential election. Two Democratic House members from Texas - Rep. Henry Cuellar in the 28th District and Rep. Vicente Gonzalez in the 34th - represent districts that split the ticket and favored Trump in 2024. Both districts have been redrawn to shift further to the right.
Current House seat control
California
California was the second state to jump into the redistricting battle. In response to the potential Republican pickups in Texas, Gov. Gavin Newsom (D) and state Democrats proposed a new map that would potentially turn five House seats blue, evening the score with the actions in Texas.
Approving a new map wasn't as easy as in Texas. California normally uses an independent commission to draw congressional and state legislative districts, which was put in place to make map-drawing less political. Lawmakers sought permission to sidestep the commission to adopt a new map, and voters signed off on the idea in November.
New map
The map California used in the 2024 elections was already deeply blue, with Democrats holding all but nine of the state's 52 House seats. But many of the districts were considered competitive. In 2024, the presidential vote margin in 15 congressional districts was 10 points or less. The new map shifted most of the state's competitive districts toward the left.
Current House seat control
North Carolina
Republican state lawmakers in October approved a new map that will probably give them another district. Already, Republicans hold 10 of the state's 14 districts.
New map
Republicans control both houses of the legislature, and they quickly approved the new map. North Carolina's constitution does not give the governor the power to veto redistricting plans, so Gov. Josh Stein (D) was unable to block the map.
A group of voters sued, but, in a November decision, a panel of three federal judges allowed the new map to be used.
Current House seat control
Missouri
Missouri Gov. Mike Kehoe (R) called a September special legislative session to push through a mid-decade congressional redistricting plan, dubbed the "Missouri First Map."
The plan cleared both chambers and was signed by Kehoe. The new map would squeeze an additional red seat by carving up the 5th District, held by Rep. Emanuel Cleaver II (D). This solid-blue district, which includes Kansas City, heavily favored Harris in 2024.
Dividing Kansas City for a new GOP seat leaves only one solid-blue district in Missouri - the 1st District around St. Louis.
Current House seat control
Utah
A judge in November ordered a new map for Utah that will probably give Democrats one of the state's four congressional districts. Her ruling came after an earlier decision found the state's map violated the Utah Constitution by improperly splitting Salt Lake County.
Current House seat control
Ohio
Ohio's bipartisan redistricting commission approved a new map in October, giving Republicans better odds of winning two more House seats.
With bipartisan approval in the commission, the map does not need approval from the Republican-held state legislature. The state was required to create a new congressional map ahead of the 2026 midterms after the state Supreme Court struck down the map drawn after the 2020 Census. In 2022, the Ohio Redistricting Commission adopted a map that could be used only until 2026.
New map
Republicans control 10 of the 15 seats in Ohio and will have better odds in two districts under the new compromise map. The 1st District, represented by Rep. Greg Landsman (D), will slightly favor Republicans. The 9th District, represented by Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D), will have a larger Republican advantage than it already does. The 13th District, represented by Rep. Emilia Strong Sykes (D), will lean slightly Democratic.
Current House seat control
Virginia
Democrats who control the state legislature asked voters in January for permission to redraw the state's congressional map in their favor. Voters in April signed off on a map that could give Democrats as many as 10 of the state's 11 districts. Currently, they have six.
The Virginia Supreme Court in May blocked the new map and reinstated the one that has been used in recent elections. The court ruled in its 4-3 decision that lawmakers violated the state constitution in establishing the ballot measure. Invalidated map
Current House seat control
Florida
Florida lawmakers approved a new map in April that could give Republicans 24 out of 28 seats, four more than they currently hold. Voting rights groups have sued to block the new map, saying it violates a provision of the state constitution that bars drawing political boundaries for partisan gain.
New map
Florida's congressional map has shifted in favor of Republicans in recent years. The GOP picked up four seats after Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) pushed state lawmakers to redraw the map in 2022.
Tennessee
Responding to the Supreme Court's decision on the Voting Rights Act, GOP lawmakers in Tennessee approved a new map in May that is expected to net Republicans one more seat.
The new map breaks up a district in the Memphis area, spreading its Democratic-leaning voters across conservative territory. New map
Current House seat control
Alabama
Republicans cited the Voting Rights Act decision in asking the Supreme Court to lift a court order that prevented the state from using a map approved by lawmakers in 2023. The justices granted that request in May, clearing the way for the state to use a map that would probably give Republicans one more House seat.
Gov. Kay Ivey (R) has delayed primaries in four House races because of the changes to the district lines. Those primaries are now slated to be held on Aug. 11 instead of May 19. Litigation is ongoing before a lower court.
• Proposed map
Current House seat control
Louisiana
Louisiana Gov. Jeff Landry (R) suspended the state's May 16 primaries in House races after the Supreme Court issued its decision on the Voting Rights Act. GOP lawmakers are now considering a map that could give them one of the state's House seats now held by Democrats.
• Proposed map
Current House seat control
South Carolina
GOP state lawmakers are debating a plan to slice up the district of South Carolina's lone Democrat, Rep. James E. Clyburn, giving Republicans control of all seven of the state's congressional districts.
• Proposed map
Current House seat control
Indiana
Republicans in Indiana's state House in December approved a new map, but their GOP counterparts in the state Senate rejected it a week later. It marked the biggest rebuke yet from members of Trump's own party to his redistricting effort.
The map Republicans proposed would have allowed them to win all nine of the state's congressional districts. Currently, they hold seven of them.
• Proposed map
The now-rejected map was aimed at wiping out the electoral prospects of Rep. Frank J. Mrvan (D), whose district includes the edges of suburban Chicago, and Rep. André Carson (D), who represents Indianapolis and is the only Black member of the state's congressional delegation.
Trump and his allies declared war on seven Republican state senators who defied the president by backing primary challengers to them. The GOP opponents defeated at least five of them in May primaries, with a sixth race too close to call and possibly heading to a recount.
Current House seat control
Maryland
Maryland Gov. Wes Moore (D) and some Democratic state lawmakers pushed for a new map that would be likely to give them all of the state's congressional districts. Democrats already hold seven of the state's eight seats, and a new map would give them a shot at laying claim to the one held by Rep. Andy Harris (R), the chairman of the House Freedom Caucus.
• Proposed map
An advisory commission recommended a new map in January, but its proposal split Democrats who control the state legislature. Maryland state Senate President Bill Ferguson (D), long an opponent of redistricting in the middle of the decade, halted action on the map.
Current House seat control
New York
In January, a New York judge invalidated the district held by Rep. Nicole Malliotakis (R), finding that its makeup violates a provision of the state constitution that protects the voting rights of racial minorities. The Supreme Court in March blocked the decision, which probably would have given Democrats a good chance of winning the seat. The district includes Staten Island and parts of Brooklyn.
Current House seat control
Illinois
Illinois jumped into the redistricting story when Gov. JB Pritzker (D) invited Texas Democratic lawmakers in August to stay in suburban Chicago when they fled their state to stall the Republican redistricting efforts.
Pritzker has been vocal about the redistricting battle nationally, and Democrats who dominate the state legislature have full control of the map-drawing process.
But lawmakers did not take significant steps to draw new districts ahead of the March primaries. Democrats hold 14 out of the state's 17 House seats, and the map is already carved largely in their favor.
Current House seat control
Maeve Reston, Molly Hennessy-Fiske, Yvonne Wingett Sanchez and Erin Cox contributed to this report. Presidential results for the proposed new districts are from a Washington Post analysis of 2024 precinct election results and data from Redistricting Partners.
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