May 24, 2012 Jeff Jacoby: The peace process battered Israel's reputation Near-nuclear nation threatens to walk out of summit unless it gets its way Clifford D. May: What Iran's Rulers Want Michael Muskal: 'Pro-choice' position hits record low, according to poll Chris Farrell: Are We in a Tech Bubble? Kimberly Lankford: Switching Medicare Advantage Plans Mid-Year Bryan McIver, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D.: Mayo Clinic Medical Edge: Understanding hyperthyroidism and its variety of treatment options French rights groups want Google to stop suggesting 'Jew' Two-fly rule for Beijing toilets The Kosher Gourmet by Penelope Wall: PHILLY CHEESE STEAKS --- hold the steak! May 23, 2012 Ex-CIA spy in Iran's Revolutionary Guard: Baghdad talks highlight Western naivete Putin's latest defiance shows Obama's whisper didn't work Tony Pugh: More private colleges offering tuition discounts Lisa Gerstner: 4 Money-Etiquette Questions Answered Mary Beth Franklin: How to Choose the Right Annuity for You Art Markman, Ph.D.: Get smart: How to bulk up your creativity muscles Israeli scientists use skin cells to help repair heart muscle Tina Susman: The wig wasn't enough: Man gets 13 years for posing as his dead mom The Kosher Gourmet by Emma Christensen:A simple way to do fish right May 22, 2012 David S. Cloud and Kathleen Hennessey: Obama changes mind on Pakistan invite to NATO summit --- and then gets dissed by country's president US Senate approves new sanctions against Iran ahead of Baghdad talks Warren Richey: Can US group challenge overseas surveillance act? Supreme Court to decide Supreme Court: Twins can't claim dead dad's benefits Thomas M. 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Jewish World Review How igloos work By Marshall Brain http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | (MCT) One of the classic symbols of winter is the igloo. Because Santa lives in the Arctic, you will sometimes see igloos in the Santa story as well. And igloos show up in cartoons all the time. But all of these portrayals hide the fact that the igloo has been a real dwelling for Inuit Eskimos for centuries. Igloos are also a technological marvel, allowing the Inuit to build a temporary shelter or a long-lasting home out of nothing but the snow on hand. In an hour or two, a pair of Inuit Eskimos can build a warm hut from scratch. All they need is a snow knife made of bone, ivory or metal. In a day or two they can build a substantial structure that will last through the winter. To build an igloo, you start with the right kind of snow. It needs to be hard-packed and solid. It needs to be several feet deep. You trace out a circle in the snow that will mark the base of the igloo. A typical igloo might be 12 feet in diameter. Then, in the center of the igloo, you use your snow knife to cut out blocks of snow. A block might be 18 inches high, three feet long and 6 inches thick. By placing these blocks on edge in a ring, they will support each other. The top of this first row is then sloped, so that the rest of the blocks will go on as a continuous spiral. The spiral shape is the key to the igloo's strength. As blocks are added to the spiral, they tilt more and more. At the base, the blocks stand nearly upright. Eventually, at the top of the igloo, the blocks will be horizontal. To handle the changing orientation, the builder trims the edges of the blocks to the proper angles so they fit perfectly. Once the last block is put into place at the top of the igloo, the dome takes its final form. Domes like this are incredibly strong. An igloo is strong enough that a person can stand on top of it. Since igloos are built from the inside, the builders are now trapped in their perfect dome. With a snow knife, they can cut a door to get in and out. If desired, it is easy to add an arched tunnel around the door of the igloo as an entrance tunnel. Either way, the door hole is sealed at night with a snow block or a piece of seal skin. By rubbing loose snow into any cracks on the outside, the igloo becomes completely sealed. Because snow contains so much trapped air, snow is a great insulator. A sealed igloo will warm up when people are inside. But the fact that it is sealed also means it is possible to suffocate inside an igloo. A hole near the top of the igloo, along with another one at the door, lets fresh air circulate. If you were to crawl into this newly built igloo, you would notice that it is comfortable. Even though it might be minus 40 degrees F outside with a howling wind, body heat is enough to warm the inside of an igloo. You would also notice a trench in the middle of the igloo. This is where the blocks to snow to build the igloo came from. On either side of the trench are flat areas, like shelves, at the original "ground level" of the snow. You sleep on the flat areas. Covering them with animal skins provides insulation from the snow. Animal skin blankets provide warmth while sleeping. The trench-and-shelf structure inside the igloo helps keep the igloo comfortable. The warm air rises, while cold air sinks down into the trench. The Inuit may also use oil lamps to provide extra heat and light. The oil comes from whales or seals. The classic dome igloo made of snow is the type of dwelling used up near the arctic circle. Other Eskimos living near forests would make houses out of wood and branches. Animal bones covered with skin is another form. Snow insulation is common in all of these structures because snow is freely available and it is very good at keeping in warmth. The next time you see a playful drawing of an igloo, think about the igloos that people actually use as dwellings. They represent an amazing level of ingenuity, and have been essential to survival in an inhospitable landscape for many generations. Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Comment by clicking here. Previously: How the Predator UAV works How retention ponds work How water absorbers work How melamine works How digital music works How coal mining works How an economic depression works How the liver works How 3D movies work How oil pipelines work How jet packs work How seismographs work How Olympic technology works How Personal Rapid Transit works How 3G works How the Global Position System (GPS) works How octane works How cruise missiles work How submarines work How miles work How octane works How food preservation works How beer works How holding your breath works How smoke detectors work How heat pumps work How your night vision works How concentrating solar collectors work How your key fob works How the common cold works How the Large Hadron Collider Works How making a TV show works How dry cleaning works How exoskeletons work How an oil refinery works How landfills work How the Orion spacecraft works The cutting edge in HDTV Redefining the CD How the HDMI cable scam works How glow-in-the-dark toys work How the subprime mortgage crisis works How gift cards work How Tasers work How giant TV screens work How foreclosure works How Air Force One works How wildfire fighting works How vitamins work How ejection seats work How reattaching limbs works How hot air balloons work How paparazzi work How counterfeiting works How CDs work How the Edsel worked How Stinger missiles work How hybrid cars work How sharks work How mosquitoes work How diesel engines work How water towers work How the Dawn mission works How Kassam rockets work How the North American Eagle works Why aren't we flying to work? How tofu and soy milk work How Colony Collapse Disorder works How airbags work How the U.S. income tax works How gum works How caffeine works How Daylight Saving Time works How a cruise missile works How snow making works © 2007, How Stuff Works Inc. Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

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