May 24, 2012 Jeff Jacoby: The peace process battered Israel's reputation Near-nuclear nation threatens to walk out of summit unless it gets its way Clifford D. May: What Iran's Rulers Want Michael Muskal: 'Pro-choice' position hits record low, according to poll Chris Farrell: Are We in a Tech Bubble? Kimberly Lankford: Switching Medicare Advantage Plans Mid-Year Bryan McIver, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D.: Mayo Clinic Medical Edge: Understanding hyperthyroidism and its variety of treatment options French rights groups want Google to stop suggesting 'Jew' Two-fly rule for Beijing toilets The Kosher Gourmet by Penelope Wall: PHILLY CHEESE STEAKS --- hold the steak! May 23, 2012 Ex-CIA spy in Iran's Revolutionary Guard: Baghdad talks highlight Western naivete Putin's latest defiance shows Obama's whisper didn't work Tony Pugh: More private colleges offering tuition discounts Lisa Gerstner: 4 Money-Etiquette Questions Answered Mary Beth Franklin: How to Choose the Right Annuity for You Art Markman, Ph.D.: Get smart: How to bulk up your creativity muscles Israeli scientists use skin cells to help repair heart muscle Tina Susman: The wig wasn't enough: Man gets 13 years for posing as his dead mom The Kosher Gourmet by Emma Christensen:A simple way to do fish right May 22, 2012 David S. Cloud and Kathleen Hennessey: Obama changes mind on Pakistan invite to NATO summit --- and then gets dissed by country's president US Senate approves new sanctions against Iran ahead of Baghdad talks Warren Richey: Can US group challenge overseas surveillance act? Supreme Court to decide Supreme Court: Twins can't claim dead dad's benefits Thomas M. 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Jewish World Review How melamine works By Marshall Brain http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | (MCT) For the last year or so, we've been hearing shocking stories involving China and a chemical called melamine. It started in 2007 with the pet-food scandal. Pet food sold in the United States and Canada contained contaminated wheat gluten that made thousands of animals sick. Many of the animals died from kidney failure. In 2008 we are hearing about China's infant formula scandal. Melamine in the formula is poisoning tens of thousands of babies in China. And there is concern that the chemical might be making its way into the U.S. food supply in the form of milk or powdered milk added to food products made in China. All of this news raises some obvious questions, like, what is melamine? Why would anyone want to add melamine to food in China (or anywhere else)? And why is it so deadly? Let's take a look at how this chemical works. Melamine is a fairly simple chemical. If you examine a molecule of melamine, it looks like a hexagon made up of three carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms. Three arms connect to the hexagon. Each arm has a nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms. In other words, melamine is a chemical containing three carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms and six nitrogen atoms per molecule. By weight the molecule contains 64 percent nitrogen. Melamine is an extremely useful chemical because it is the foundation of a common plastic. Mixed with formaldehyde, melamine forms a resin that is easy to mold into any shape. Formica contains melamine, and so do many other countertop-like products like dry-erase boards and floor tile. Melamine plastic can be glued onto plywood or particle board to make shelves and cabinets. You can make bowls, cups and plates out of it. Melamine is hard and durable. Unlike some other plastics which burn very easily, melamine resists combustion. So how does a plastic like melamine get into the food supply? To understand this, you need to understand a little about what goes into "normal food". Normal foods contain carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Carbohydrates don't contain any nitrogen, and neither do fats. But proteins do. Proteins are made from chains of amino acids, and each amino acid contains a nitrogen atom. In other words, in any normal, unadulterated food, protein is the only source of nitrogen. Therefore, the common tests that scientists use to determine the amount of protein in a food simply look at the amount of nitrogen in the food. Up until last year this seemed reasonable, because up until last year the only thing supplying nitrogen in any food was amino acids. Now imagine that you are an unscrupulous food company and you want to make an extra buck. You would do that by "watering down" your product. With milk, you literally add water to the milk. The problem is that your milk will now come up short when it is tested for protein. But the protein test isn't really looking for actual protein - it is simply measuring nitrogen. Recall that melamine contains six nitrogen atoms per molecule. So what if you add melamine to the food? China is one of the world's largest producers of melamine for plastic, so the chemical is cheap and readily available. Now when your watered-down milk gets tested for protein, it will look like it contains the right amount of nitrogen, even though the nitrogen comes in the form of plastic. This wouldn't really matter from a health-danger perspective if melamine was benign. Unfortunately, it is not. It gets into the kidney and causes kidney failure if you eat enough of it. Most of the pets that died in 2007 died as a result of kidney failure. In 2008, the same kind of kidney poisoning is happening to tens of thousands of Chinese infants whose parents fed them tainted infant formula. The melamine is causing kidney stones and has killed several children. This Halloween, the Chinese melamine problem is causing something of a scare. There are products made in China, particularly chocolate products, that contain milk and milk powder. Are these products contaminated with melamine? The FDA says it has been testing the food entering the U.S. and it thinks the food supply is safe. But some people are expressing concern that bad candy made in China might be slipping through. If you are worried, a possible precaution might be to check your Halloween candy for a "made in China" tag. If you find Chinese candy, throw it away. Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Comment by clicking here. Previously: How digital music works How coal mining works How an economic depression works How the liver works How 3D movies work How oil pipelines work How jet packs work How seismographs work How Olympic technology works How Personal Rapid Transit works How 3G works How the Global Position System (GPS) works How octane works How cruise missiles work How submarines work How miles work How octane works How food preservation works How beer works How holding your breath works How smoke detectors work How heat pumps work How your night vision works How concentrating solar collectors work How your key fob works How the common cold works How the Large Hadron Collider Works How making a TV show works How dry cleaning works How exoskeletons work How an oil refinery works How landfills work How the Orion spacecraft works The cutting edge in HDTV Redefining the CD How the HDMI cable scam works How glow-in-the-dark toys work How the subprime mortgage crisis works How gift cards work How Tasers work How giant TV screens work How foreclosure works How Air Force One works How wildfire fighting works How vitamins work How ejection seats work How reattaching limbs works How hot air balloons work How paparazzi work How counterfeiting works How CDs work How the Edsel worked How Stinger missiles work How hybrid cars work How sharks work How mosquitoes work How diesel engines work How water towers work How the Dawn mission works How Kassam rockets work How the North American Eagle works Why aren't we flying to work? How tofu and soy milk work How Colony Collapse Disorder works How airbags work How the U.S. income tax works How gum works How caffeine works How Daylight Saving Time works How a cruise missile works How snow making works © 2007, How Stuff Works Inc. Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

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