May 24, 2012 Jeff Jacoby: The peace process battered Israel's reputation Near-nuclear nation threatens to walk out of summit unless it gets its way Clifford D. May: What Iran's Rulers Want Michael Muskal: 'Pro-choice' position hits record low, according to poll Chris Farrell: Are We in a Tech Bubble? Kimberly Lankford: Switching Medicare Advantage Plans Mid-Year Bryan McIver, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D.: Mayo Clinic Medical Edge: Understanding hyperthyroidism and its variety of treatment options French rights groups want Google to stop suggesting 'Jew' Two-fly rule for Beijing toilets The Kosher Gourmet by Penelope Wall: PHILLY CHEESE STEAKS --- hold the steak! May 23, 2012 Ex-CIA spy in Iran's Revolutionary Guard: Baghdad talks highlight Western naivete Putin's latest defiance shows Obama's whisper didn't work Tony Pugh: More private colleges offering tuition discounts Lisa Gerstner: 4 Money-Etiquette Questions Answered Mary Beth Franklin: How to Choose the Right Annuity for You Art Markman, Ph.D.: Get smart: How to bulk up your creativity muscles Israeli scientists use skin cells to help repair heart muscle Tina Susman: The wig wasn't enough: Man gets 13 years for posing as his dead mom The Kosher Gourmet by Emma Christensen:A simple way to do fish right May 22, 2012 David S. Cloud and Kathleen Hennessey: Obama changes mind on Pakistan invite to NATO summit --- and then gets dissed by country's president US Senate approves new sanctions against Iran ahead of Baghdad talks Warren Richey: Can US group challenge overseas surveillance act? Supreme Court to decide Supreme Court: Twins can't claim dead dad's benefits Thomas M. 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Jewish World Review How oil pipelines work By Marshall Brain http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | (MCT) Oil pipelines are frequently in the news these days because they can have a big effect on oil prices. For example, if a war or terrorist activity threatens to shut down an important pipeline, oil prices can rise. Oil pipelines can also make the news when they leak. One of the best-known pipelines in the United States is the Trans Alaska Pipeline System. It stretches north-to-south for 800 miles across the state of Alaska. The oil comes out of the ground at the North Slope near Prudhoe Bay, flows down the pipeline to the port of Valdez, loads onto a supertanker, floats down to the west coast, unloads into another pipeline and makes its way to a refinery. The Alaska pipeline is needed because Prudhoe Bay freezes in the winter, while the port of Valdez is ice-free year round. At its simplest level, you can think of a pipeline as a pipe and a pump. The pump sucks up oil from a storage tank and sends it down to the other end of the pipe. If the pipe is only a few miles long, this simple system works fine. In the early days of oil drilling and distribution, pipelines this simple were common. But modern oil pipelines like the Alaska pipeline are far more sophisticated. For example, the Alaska pipeline carries approximately 40 million gallons of oil per day, and can approach 100 million gallons per day if necessary. To handle this volume of oil, the pipeline is four feet in diameter. As the oil flows, friction against the pipe wall slows it down. Therefore, approximately every 100 miles, a pumping station boosts the pressure. The oil pressure inside the pipeline is over 1,000 PSI. To handle that kind of pressure, the pipeline is made of steel that is more than three inches thick. That still sounds pretty simple - you have a big pipe and some pumping stations. But then you have to consider expansion. The steel in the pipeline can potentially get as cold as minus 60 degrees F. Or, with a maximum load of high-pressure oil flowing, it can get as hot as 145 degrees F. That's a 205 degree temperature swing. Keeping in mind that steel contracts when it is cold and expands when it gets hot, you can see the problem. An 800 mile long steel pipeline can grow or shrink by more than a mile depending on the temperature. To handle that much expansion, the pipeline has to be able to expand and contract at all of its joints without leaking. What happens if something goes wrong and the pipeline springs a leak? With the oil at such a high pressure, you can get a geyser. For example, in 2001, the pipeline was shot by a drunk man wielding a hunting rifle. Although the hole was small, more than 2 gallons of oil per second shot out of the pipeline. Since it took more than a day to find the leak, almost 300,000 gallons of oil inundated nearby trees and tundra. Fixing the leak presents its own problems. You have to shut down the flow of oil on the entire pipeline, find the leak, isolate that section of the pipeline, drain the oil and fix the problem. It can be a huge, messy project. The Alaska pipeline has experienced hundreds of leaks over its lifetime. You might be wondering how a rifle bullet could penetrate steel that is three inches thick. The problem is corrosion, which thins the steel over time and makes the pipeline more prone to leaks. To check for corrosion, pipeline engineers use a robot called a "smart pig" to run down the inside of the pipeline and check for problems. The thickness of the steel can be detected with a magnetic field. Where the steel gets thin, the way it handles a magnetic field changes, and sensors can detect those changes. When the pipeline gets too thin, sections have to be replaced. Given all this complexity, you might be surprised to learn that there are oil and gasoline pipelines crisscrossing the United States. These pipelines stretch for tens of thousands of miles. They work around the clock to connect ports, oil fields, refineries, and major distribution points. Because these pipelines are almost always buried, they tend to be invisible. But they are essential to our day-to-day life. Without them, the flow of oil and gasoline in the United States would come to a standstill. Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Comment by clicking here. Previously: How jet packs work How seismographs work How Olympic technology works How Personal Rapid Transit works How 3G works How the Global Position System (GPS) works How octane works How cruise missiles work How submarines work How miles work How octane works How food preservation works How beer works How holding your breath works How smoke detectors work How heat pumps work How your night vision works How concentrating solar collectors work How your key fob works How the common cold works How the Large Hadron Collider Works How making a TV show works How dry cleaning works How exoskeletons work How an oil refinery works How landfills work How the Orion spacecraft works The cutting edge in HDTV Redefining the CD How the HDMI cable scam works How glow-in-the-dark toys work How the subprime mortgage crisis works How gift cards work How Tasers work How giant TV screens work How foreclosure works How Air Force One works How wildfire fighting works How vitamins work How ejection seats work How reattaching limbs works How hot air balloons work How paparazzi work How counterfeiting works How CDs work How the Edsel worked How Stinger missiles work How hybrid cars work How sharks work How mosquitoes work How diesel engines work How water towers work How the Dawn mission works How Kassam rockets work How the North American Eagle works Why aren't we flying to work? How tofu and soy milk work How Colony Collapse Disorder works How airbags work How the U.S. income tax works How gum works How caffeine works How Daylight Saving Time works How a cruise missile works How snow making works © 2007, How Stuff Works Inc. Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

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