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Jewish World Review How seismographs work By Marshall Brain http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | (MCT) Every time there is a big earthquake reported on the news, there are two pieces of information that are immediately available. The first is the strength of the earthquake on the Richter scale. The announcer might say, "The quake measured 7.4 on the Richter scale." The second is the epicenter of the quake. The epicenter is handy because it tells us where the quake is the strongest, and also the fault line where the quake occurred. Scientists measure the strength of an earthquake using a device called a seismograph, also known as a seismometer. During an earthquake, the ground actually moves. We want to record the intensity of those movements. The main problem to solve in creating a seismograph is the fact that the instrument shakes when the ground shakes. Therefore, most seismographs use some kind of heavy mass. You could make a very simple seismograph by hanging a large weight from a rope over a table. By attaching a pen to the weight and taping a piece of paper to the table so that the pen can draw on the paper, you could record movements in the Earth's crust. When an earthquake occurs, the table will move more than the hanging weight, and the pen would leave marks on the paper showing the strength of the quake. If you used a roll of paper and a motor that slowly pulled the paper across the table, you would be able to record tremors over time. However, it would take a pretty large tremor for you to see anything on the paper. In a real seismograph, levers or electronics are used to magnify the signal so that very small tremors are detectable. A big mechanical seismograph may have a weight that weighs 1,000 pounds or more, and it drives a set of levers that significantly magnify the pen's motion. The Richter scale is the standard scale used to compare the strength of earthquakes. It is a logarithmic scale, meaning that the numbers on the scale measure factors of 10. So, for example, an earthquake that measures 4.0 on the Richter scale is 10 times more powerful than one that measures 3.0. On the Richter scale, anything below 2.0 is undetectable to a normal person and is called a microquake. Microquakes occur constantly. Moderate earthquakes measure less than 6.0 or so on the Richter scale. Earthquakes measuring more than 6.0 can cause significant damage. The largest earthquake measured so far was 9.5 on the Richter scale. It occurred near the coast of Chile in 1964. It left approximately 2 million people homeless and caused tsunamis that killed people as far away as Hawaii and Japan. If you have a collection of seismographs and you place them around the world, you can find the epicenter of any earthquake. The first step is to figure out how far away the earthquake is from each seismograph. You do this by using an interesting quirk of earthquakes. When an earthquake occurs, it sends out several different kinds of waves through the earth's crust. P waves happen to move faster than S waves, and P waves have a lower intensity than S waves. So by looking at the graph produced by a seismometer, you can see when the P waves arrived, and then when the S waves arrived. By noting the time difference between the arrival of the two different wave types, you can tell how far away the epicenter is from the seismograph. By looking at the distance of the epicenter from three or more seismographs, you can triangulate and calculate the precise location of the epicenter on a map. That location tells people hundreds of miles away from the quake exactly where to send the emergency equipment and relief supplies. There is one other advantage to knowing the epicenter of a quake. In many cases, the epicenter is located out in the ocean. When that happens, it indicates the possibility of a tsunami, since earthquakes are a primary source of tsunamis. Using seismographs on shore, the epicenter can be calculated immediately. This gives emergency personnel crucial minutes to warn people of the danger. Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Comment by clicking here. Previously: How Olympic technology works How Personal Rapid Transit works How 3G works How the Global Position System (GPS) works How octane works How cruise missiles work How submarines work How miles work How octane works How food preservation works How beer works How holding your breath works How smoke detectors work How heat pumps work How your night vision works How concentrating solar collectors work How your key fob works How the common cold works How the Large Hadron Collider Works How making a TV show works How dry cleaning works How exoskeletons work How an oil refinery works How landfills work How the Orion spacecraft works The cutting edge in HDTV Redefining the CD How the HDMI cable scam works How glow-in-the-dark toys work How the subprime mortgage crisis works How gift cards work How Tasers work How giant TV screens work How foreclosure works How Air Force One works How wildfire fighting works How vitamins work How ejection seats work How reattaching limbs works How hot air balloons work How paparazzi work How counterfeiting works How CDs work How the Edsel worked How Stinger missiles work How hybrid cars work How sharks work How mosquitoes work How diesel engines work How water towers work How the Dawn mission works How Kassam rockets work How the North American Eagle works Why aren't we flying to work? How tofu and soy milk work How Colony Collapse Disorder works How airbags work How the U.S. income tax works How gum works How caffeine works How Daylight Saving Time works How a cruise missile works How snow making works © 2007, How Stuff Works Inc. Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

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