May 24, 2012 Jeff Jacoby: The peace process battered Israel's reputation Near-nuclear nation threatens to walk out of summit unless it gets its way Clifford D. May: What Iran's Rulers Want Michael Muskal: 'Pro-choice' position hits record low, according to poll Chris Farrell: Are We in a Tech Bubble? Kimberly Lankford: Switching Medicare Advantage Plans Mid-Year Bryan McIver, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D.: Mayo Clinic Medical Edge: Understanding hyperthyroidism and its variety of treatment options French rights groups want Google to stop suggesting 'Jew' Two-fly rule for Beijing toilets The Kosher Gourmet by Penelope Wall: PHILLY CHEESE STEAKS --- hold the steak! May 23, 2012 Ex-CIA spy in Iran's Revolutionary Guard: Baghdad talks highlight Western naivete Putin's latest defiance shows Obama's whisper didn't work Tony Pugh: More private colleges offering tuition discounts Lisa Gerstner: 4 Money-Etiquette Questions Answered Mary Beth Franklin: How to Choose the Right Annuity for You Art Markman, Ph.D.: Get smart: How to bulk up your creativity muscles Israeli scientists use skin cells to help repair heart muscle Tina Susman: The wig wasn't enough: Man gets 13 years for posing as his dead mom The Kosher Gourmet by Emma Christensen:A simple way to do fish right May 22, 2012 David S. Cloud and Kathleen Hennessey: Obama changes mind on Pakistan invite to NATO summit --- and then gets dissed by country's president US Senate approves new sanctions against Iran ahead of Baghdad talks Warren Richey: Can US group challenge overseas surveillance act? Supreme Court to decide Supreme Court: Twins can't claim dead dad's benefits Thomas M. 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The Kosher Gourmet by Faith Duran : Cheesy Potato Breakfast Casserole with Cheddar and Sun-Dried Tomatoes May 16, 2012 Jackson Holahan: The Aleppo Codex Jonathan Tobin : Iran Declares Victory in Nuclear Talks Kiplinger Reports, Summarized Anne Kates Smith: 7 Stocks That Let You Sleep Tight Carmen Terzic, M.D., Ph.D. : Mayo Clinic Medical Edge: A variety of exercises can help improve balance Melissa Healy: National strategy on Alzheimer's disease aims to halt it by 2025 The Kosher Gourmet by Joyce White : GOODNESS GRACIOUS: GREENS! 4 winning recipes that are no longer just for down-home folks (Includes expert tips & techniques) May 15, 2012 Dennis Prager: God and Man at (and for) Liberty Kristen Chick: Obama administration resumes arms sales to Bahrain despite serious unresolved human rights issues. Activists feel abandoned Pat Mertz Esswein: Homes are now affordable again and mortgage rates are low. 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Jewish World Review How the Global Position System (GPS) works By Marshall Brain http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | (MCT) In the Brain household there are four small children, and lately we have been doing something called geocaching as a family. Here's how it works. At thousands of points around the United States (and the world), people have hidden a wide variety of "caches." A cache can be as small as a pill bottle or as big as a five gallon bucket. A cache can contain anything from a paper log sheet where you sign your name, to a collection of paperback books to read. To find these caches you go to a web site like Geocaching.com. You get the GPS coordinates of a cache you would like to visit. You plug the coordinates into your GPS receiver and then drive or hike to the cache. Usually the caches are hidden pretty well, but they are fairly easy to find. With kids it can be a lot of fun - sort of like a treasure hunt. The key to geocaching is the GPS receiver. These are the same devices that now make it easy to map your way around in a big city. GPS receivers also keep pilots, boaters and hikers on track. But how do these receivers work? What is the Global Positioning System? How can a little box that you hold in your hand tell you exactly where you are anywhere on the planet? The GPS system was originally created by the Pentagon to help soldiers find their way on the battlefield, and it is definitely a high-tech tool. It involves orbiting satellites, atomic clocks and some fascinating calculations. The basic idea behind the Global Positioning System is pretty simple. It uses triangulation. If you know how far away you are from three landmarks, you can use triangulation to find out exactly where you are on the planet. For example, if I tell you that you are 625 miles from Boise, Idaho, 690 miles from Minneapolis, and 615 miles from Tucson, Ariz., you can plot three circles on a map and discover that you are in Denver. The Pentagon wanted to use this kind of triangulation system, but it wanted it to work all the time and from any place on Earth. So for the Global Positioning System, the Pentagon uses satellites in space as the landmarks. There are at least 24 working GPS satellites, along with a few spares, orbiting earth right now. They are flying at an altitude of about 11,000 miles. This means that at any given time, at any point on earth, there are normally eight or so GPS satellites visible overhead. The job of your GPS receiver is to listen to those satellites and calculate exactly how far away they are. Then, by triangulating, your GPS receiver pinpoints your location on earth. But how can your GPS receiver triangulate from moving satellites? This is where pure genius comes in. First, your GPS receiver needs to know where the satellites are located overhead. It can figure this out fairly easily because the satellites fly in very precise orbits. The receiver contains a computerized almanac that tells it where each satellite is located in space. Second, the receiver needs to be able to calculate the distance to each satellite. This is a little trickier. To calculate the distance to a satellite, your GPS receiver listens to radio signals coming from the satellite. Each satellite contains an incredibly precise atomic clock. Let's say that, at exactly midnight, the satellite sends a signal. Your GPS receiver listens for the signal and calculates, down to the nanosecond level, how much of a delay there is between the time the satellite sent the signal and the time the receiver hears it. That delay tells your receiver how far away the satellite is. By doing these calculations with several satellites at once, your GPS receiver triangulates and finds its exact position on earth. You might have one other question. Your GPS receiver only cost $200 or so, and it is small. It can't possibly contain its own atomic clock. So how does the receiver know what time it is with any accuracy? The Global Positioning System has a clever, effective solution to this problem. Every satellite contains an expensive atomic clock, but the receiver itself uses an ordinary, cheap quartz clock, which it constantly resets. The receiver looks at incoming signals from four or more satellites and measures its own inaccuracy. In other words, there is only one value for the "current time" that the receiver can use. The correct time value will cause all of the signals that the receiver is receiving to align at a single point in space. That time value is the time value held by the atomic clocks in all of the synchronized satellites. So the receiver sets its clock to that time value, and it then has the same time value that all the atomic clocks in all of the satellites have. The GPS receiver gets atomic clock accuracy "for free." The next time you use your GPS receiver, you can now marvel at the multi-billion dollar collection of atomic clocks and satellites in the sky that make it all possible. It truly is an amazing system. Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Comment by clicking here. Previously: How octane works How cruise missiles work How submarines work How miles work How octane works How food preservation works How beer works How holding your breath works How smoke detectors work How heat pumps work How your night vision works How concentrating solar collectors work How your key fob works How the common cold works How the Large Hadron Collider Works How making a TV show works How dry cleaning works How exoskeletons work How an oil refinery works How landfills work How the Orion spacecraft works The cutting edge in HDTV Redefining the CD How the HDMI cable scam works How glow-in-the-dark toys work How the subprime mortgage crisis works How gift cards work How Tasers work How giant TV screens work How foreclosure works How Air Force One works How wildfire fighting works How vitamins work How ejection seats work How reattaching limbs works How hot air balloons work How paparazzi work How counterfeiting works How CDs work How the Edsel worked How Stinger missiles work How hybrid cars work How sharks work How mosquitoes work How diesel engines work How water towers work How the Dawn mission works How Kassam rockets work How the North American Eagle works Why aren't we flying to work? How tofu and soy milk work How Colony Collapse Disorder works How airbags work How the U.S. income tax works How gum works How caffeine works How Daylight Saving Time works How a cruise missile works How snow making works © 2007, How Stuff Works Inc. Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

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