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Jewish World Review How Stuff Works: How diesel engines work By Marshall Brain http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | (MCT) Diesel engines are in the news more and more these days because they are doing something that surprises many people — some diesel cars are getting better gas mileage than hybrid cars. Scientists and engineers have been refining diesel engine technology for decades, and there are several advantages inherent in diesel engines that give them an edge. Another thing that has helped diesel engines is the rise of the green fuel known as biodiesel. Made from vegetable oil, biodiesel fuel acts just like normal diesel fuel but comes from renewable sources. Even though some of the current sources have raised controversy, new techniques like algae may make diesel fuel very easy to grow in the near future. These two developments — high efficiency and green fuels — shine a spotlight on diesel engine technology. Let's take a look at how these engines work. Most cars on the road today use gasoline engines. A fuel injector squirts a precisely controlled amount of gasoline into the air stream entering the engine, and then the gasoline and air is compressed. A spark plug ignites the gasoline to create the engine's power. A diesel engine is similar to a gasoline engine in that it uses the same kind of pistons, cylinders and valves. However, there is no spark plug in a diesel engine. Instead, the fuel is directly injected into the cylinder and it ignites spontaneously. How can the fuel ignite spontaneously? This is the key difference between diesel and gasoline engines, and the thing that makes diesel engines so efficient. Instead of compressing a mixture of gasoline and air, a diesel engine compresses only air in the cylinder. Because there is no fuel mixed in with the air when it is compressed, a diesel engine can provide two to three times more compression to the air than a standard gasoline engine does. The extra compression improves efficiency. When the air is compressed so dramatically, it heats up. A fuel injector then squirts exactly the right amount of diesel fuel into this very hot air. The compressed air is so hot that it immediately ignites the diesel fuel. If you think about the difference between spark plug ignition and hot air ignition, you can understand another source of the diesel's efficiency. With a spark plug, you have a point source of ignition. The flame has to spread from that point to the rest of the gasoline. Sometimes not all of the gasoline gets burned, and sometimes it doesn't burn at exactly the right time — because it takes time for the flame to spread. When hot air is igniting the fuel in a diesel engine, there is no point source of ignition. The source of ignition surrounds the fuel. So the diesel fuel burns more completely and quickly. There is another thing that gives diesel engines an advantage when it comes to the miles per gallon rating. Diesel fuel is actually denser than gasoline. If you have two buckets, one containing a gallon of gasoline and the other containing a gallon of diesel fuel, the bucket of diesel fuel is actually heavier. A gallon of diesel fuel weighs about a pound more. Both gasoline and diesel fuel contain carbon and hydrogen atoms, but diesel fuel contains more of them per gallon. So we would naturally expect diesel fuel to do better when it comes to miles per gallon. So what are the problems with diesel engines? In the past, diesel engines have had a reputation for being sootier, noisier and sluggish when it comes to acceleration. All three of these problems have been largely ironed out in the new engine designs. Another problem has been nitrogen oxide emissions. Nitrogen in the air gets combined with oxygen inside the hot cylinder, and the nitrogen oxides that come out cause smog. Many engine manufacturers are eliminating thesepollutants by injecting a tiny amount of urea into the exhaust stream when the engine is running. With the advent of new fuel sources, like biodiesel from algae, diesel engines could see a new resurgence in the coming years. Extreme efficiency and a green fuel will give them the edge. Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Comment by clicking here. Previously: How calories work (and how many you need in a day) How saving money on electricity works How whiskey works How IQ tests work How a quartz watch works How ice skating rinks work How glass works How blimps work How space stations work How toasters work How a cell phone works What went obsolete in the last decade? How cholesterol works How leather works How vaccines work How the smart grid works How sea level works How employee screening works How to avoid catching a cold How bread works How a home energy audit works How Omega-3 fatty acids work Social networking How trick birthday candles work How electric cars like the Nissan Leaf work How a manned mission to Mars works How gold works How bad breath works How the ultimate sunglasses work Any rocket is easily converted to a missile How to have a great staycation How a black box works How a solar roof works How nuclear bombs work How the Hubble Space Telescope works How hay fever works How to know when to rent vs. buy How swine flu works How a kidney dialysis machine works How children die in hot cars How a trillion dollars works How electronic cigarettes work How chimpanzees work How in vitro fertilization works How supertankers work How poisons work How corn works How dog ID chips work How President Obama's limousine works How emergency power works How aircraft carriers work How antibiotics and vaccines work How mucus works How iron and steel work How aspirin works How igloos work How the Predator UAV works How retention ponds work How water absorbers work How melamine works How digital music works How coal mining works How an economic depression works How the liver works How 3D movies work How oil pipelines work How jet packs work How seismographs work How Olympic technology works How Personal Rapid Transit works How 3G works How the Global Position System (GPS) works How octane works How cruise missiles work How submarines work How miles work How octane works How food preservation works How beer works How holding your breath works How smoke detectors work How heat pumps work How your night vision works How concentrating solar collectors work How your key fob works How the common cold works How the Large Hadron Collider Works How making a TV show works How dry cleaning works How exoskeletons work How an oil refinery works How landfills work How the Orion spacecraft works The cutting edge in HDTV Redefining the CD How the HDMI cable scam works How glow-in-the-dark toys work How the subprime mortgage crisis works How gift cards work How Tasers work How giant TV screens work How foreclosure works How Air Force One works How wildfire fighting works How vitamins work How ejection seats work How reattaching limbs works How hot air balloons work How paparazzi work How counterfeiting works How CDs work How the Edsel worked How Stinger missiles work How hybrid cars work How sharks work How mosquitoes work How diesel engines work How water towers work How the Dawn mission works How Kassam rockets work How the North American Eagle works Why aren't we flying to work? How tofu and soy milk work How Colony Collapse Disorder works How airbags work How the U.S. income tax works How gum works How caffeine works How Daylight Saving Time works How a cruise missile works How snow making works © 2007, How Stuff Works Inc. Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

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