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Jewish World Review How Stuff Works: How IQ tests work By Marshall Brain http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | (MCT) How smart are you? This question could be asked in many different situations. For example, it might be the kind of question that is important if you are applying to college or applying for a job. In the same way that your credit score is important to anyone who might be thinking of loaning you money, an intelligence score might be interesting to anyone thinking about assigning you an important task. That's where the idea of an intelligence quotient comes in. It is an idea that was invented nearly 100 years ago, and people have been debating its value and accuracy ever since. An intelligence quotient is designed to be a single number that indicates a person's intelligence relative to the general population. By design, a score of 100 is meant to indicate average intelligence. A person with a score higher than 100 therefore has above-average intelligence. A person with a score below 100 is below average. Scores above 130 are said to indicate notable intelligence — perhaps 2 percent of the population has an IQ at this level. IQ scores are determined by taking a standardized test. It is in this testing that the controversy arises. Is it even possible to measure intelligence with a test? What kind of intelligence is being measured? Is it possible to measure intelligence without introducing testing bias? And perhaps most importantly, what is intelligence? Let's start with that last question — what is intelligence? If you look the word up at a place like dictionary.com, you will find a definition like this: "capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity." Now think of the most intelligent person you know. Certainly that person is able to learn, reason and understand. But usually we think of extremely intelligent people as being able to understand deeply and then create new things. Newton created a theory of gravity. Einstein created the theory of relativity. Picasso created a new way to see the world. A gifted politician creates a new vision for the future. Unfortunately, things like the ability to learn, the ability to understand and the ability to create can be hard to tease apart on a standardized multiple-choice test, so an IQ test aims for something different. With an IQ test, psychologists are trying to determine a general, functional intelligence. This intelligence can be found in the ability to solve mathematical problems, the ability to mentally manipulate objects in 3D, the ability to understand words and the ability to answer memory questions. The idea is that these abilities make use of general brainpower and therefore offer a view into the general intellectual abilities of a person's brain. If a person is unable to handle problems dealing with memory, language, mathematic and space, it is likely that the person has low general intelligence. Conversely, and person who handles all of these areas well is generally intelligent. The interesting thing is that all of these areas seem to be related. That is one thing that gives IQ testing credibility. They also seem to be consistent over time. In general, a person who is good at general math problems also tends to be good with memory, language and spatial reasoning. There are exceptions, and there are also people with savant syndrome (people who excel remarkably at one thing like math, but who might not be able to fix their own breakfast). As a general rule, however, ability tends to apply across the board, and over the course of a lifetime. By creating a test with a good mix of questions, the idea is that testing bias, misunderstandings and individual variations even out to create a good score of general intelligence. There are many things an IQ test cannot measure An IQ test is blind to things like how much you know, how well you express yourself or how creative you are. This is why some college entrance exams now include an essay portion. This is a way of delving into things like creativity and expressiveness, at least in the written realm. Will there ever be a perfect IQ test? Probably not. But modern tests can be very good at assessing general intelligence in a finite amount of time, because psychologists have had nearly a century to test millions of people and work out many of the kinks. Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Comment by clicking here. Previously: How a quartz watch works How ice skating rinks work How glass works How blimps work How space stations work How toasters work How a cell phone works What went obsolete in the last decade? How cholesterol works How leather works How vaccines work How the smart grid works How sea level works How employee screening works How to avoid catching a cold How bread works How a home energy audit works How Omega-3 fatty acids work Social networking How trick birthday candles work How electric cars like the Nissan Leaf work How a manned mission to Mars works How gold works How bad breath works How the ultimate sunglasses work Any rocket is easily converted to a missile How to have a great staycation How a black box works How a solar roof works How nuclear bombs work How the Hubble Space Telescope works How hay fever works How to know when to rent vs. buy How swine flu works How a kidney dialysis machine works How children die in hot cars How a trillion dollars works How electronic cigarettes work How chimpanzees work How in vitro fertilization works How supertankers work How poisons work How corn works How dog ID chips work How President Obama's limousine works How emergency power works How aircraft carriers work How antibiotics and vaccines work How mucus works How iron and steel work How aspirin works How igloos work How the Predator UAV works How retention ponds work How water absorbers work How melamine works How digital music works How coal mining works How an economic depression works How the liver works How 3D movies work How oil pipelines work How jet packs work How seismographs work How Olympic technology works How Personal Rapid Transit works How 3G works How the Global Position System (GPS) works How octane works How cruise missiles work How submarines work How miles work How octane works How food preservation works How beer works How holding your breath works How smoke detectors work How heat pumps work How your night vision works How concentrating solar collectors work How your key fob works How the common cold works How the Large Hadron Collider Works How making a TV show works How dry cleaning works How exoskeletons work How an oil refinery works How landfills work How the Orion spacecraft works The cutting edge in HDTV Redefining the CD How the HDMI cable scam works How glow-in-the-dark toys work How the subprime mortgage crisis works How gift cards work How Tasers work How giant TV screens work How foreclosure works How Air Force One works How wildfire fighting works How vitamins work How ejection seats work How reattaching limbs works How hot air balloons work How paparazzi work How counterfeiting works How CDs work How the Edsel worked How Stinger missiles work How hybrid cars work How sharks work How mosquitoes work How diesel engines work How water towers work How the Dawn mission works How Kassam rockets work How the North American Eagle works Why aren't we flying to work? How tofu and soy milk work How Colony Collapse Disorder works How airbags work How the U.S. income tax works How gum works How caffeine works How Daylight Saving Time works How a cruise missile works How snow making works © 2007, How Stuff Works Inc. Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

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