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Jewish World Review How Stuff Works: How space stations work By Marshall Brain http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | (MCT) The International Space Station is nearing the end of its construction phase. It has become a giant orbiting laboratory that is bigger than a football field. It is so big that, if you know when it will be flying by, it is easy to see it pass overhead in the night sky with the naked eye. But have you ever thought of how this huge lab works? What does it take to keep people alive in the vacuum of space? Let's take a look at how all the parts of the space station work together. We can start with something simple. Imagine that we launch a big, sealed aluminum tube full of air into orbit. Say the tube is as big as a bus. A yellow school bus is about 40 feet long and 8 feet wide. So we build a tube this size and get inside. We load the tube into the Space Shuttle's cargo bay and we release it into orbit 200 miles up. Because we are in a big aluminum tube full of air, everything is going to be fine for the first few minutes. We are protected from the vacuum of space. But we are going to have some big problems very quickly. The first problem is the accumulation of carbon dioxide. Every time a person exhales, there is carbon dioxide coming out. As the amount of carbon dioxide in the air rises, it becomes a poison. This problem is more important than the falling oxygen level — carbon dioxide poisoning would kill astronauts faster than lack of oxygen would in a sealed tube. The space station solves this problem with a CO2 scrubber — chemical beads or granules that absorb carbon dioxide. Periodically the carbon dioxide gets dumped into space so the beads can be reused. Next we do need to solve the oxygen problem, because the passengers in the tube use oxygen with every breath. On the space station, the main way to create oxygen is to split water molecules using electrolysis. But for backup there are oxygen tanks and also solid oxygen canisters. This also means that the space station needs to have a lot of water on board. Much of it is stored in 20 gallon bags called contingency water containers. Two other things you have to worry about in a sealed tube are humidity and other chemicals. Every breath contains moisture (breathe onto a mirror and you can see it). And every human farts 15 to 20 times a day (there is no way to stop it), releasing methane and other chemicals. The water can be condensed out of the air and is actually reused in the space station. Stray chemicals like methane are trapped with activated charcoal. Speaking of farting, our sealed tube is going to need some kind of restroom. Without gravity or running water, this gets a little complicated. On the space station, urine is collected by a tube with a vacuum system. The water in the urine is recycled and reused. Astronauts strap themselves to a space toilet to handle the solid waste. A strong current of air pulls solid waste into a collection bag. The bags get burned up during re-entry like other trash. Now that the air is breathable and the restroom facilities are taken care of, it might be nice to have some electricity to run lights, computers, radios (to communicate with earth) and so on. On the space station, electricity comes from large solar panels that are not that different from the ones people put on their homes. Batteries can store energy for use when the space station is in the earth's shadow. The radios, computers, lights and human bodies will all generate heat, however. This is a problem because the vacuum of space acts like a giant thermos. Every large space vehicle needs radiators to take heat out of the cabin. On the space shuttle, the radiators are located in the cargo bay doors. On the space station, the radiators are huge because of all of the electronic equipment on board. Now that all the basics are taken care of, it would be possible to live comfortably in the tube. But there are many other systems that would be nice to have. An airlock and space suits allow people to go outside. Reaction wheels and thrusters keep the space station pointing in the right direction. And so on. Living in space is an adventure that takes a lot of specialized equipment. Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Comment by clicking here. Previously: How toasters work How a cell phone works What went obsolete in the last decade? 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How tofu and soy milk work How Colony Collapse Disorder works How airbags work How the U.S. income tax works How gum works How caffeine works How Daylight Saving Time works How a cruise missile works How snow making works © 2007, How Stuff Works Inc. Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

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