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Jewish World Review How Stuff Works: How a cell phone works By Marshall Brain http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | (MCT) In your pocket you have an amazing device. It is a communicator that allows you to talk instantly to almost anyone on the planet. Plus it may also give you instant stock quotes, help you read your email and let you play games. Your cell phone truly is an achievement. But how does it do it? Let's find out. A little history can help here. Remember when you were a kid and you played with a walkie-talkie? A walkie-talkie is an incredibly simple toy that can send your voice to a friend who is a quarter mile away. It does this with about 50 cents worth of parts. The parts take your voice, change it from sound waves to electronic waves and then emit those electronic waves with an antenna. At the other end, your friend's walkie-talkie receives the waves and converts them to sound waves with the speaker. Your friend hears your voice. What if you want to transmit for more than a quarter of a mile? You increase the power. A toy walkie-talkie transmits at a tenth of a watt. A CB radio, which can transmit several miles, might use 4 watts. Before there were cell phones there were car telephones which were, essentially, very large walkie-talkies using 20 watts or more. But you cannot stick a 20-watt radio in your pocket. It would need a gigantic battery. So how did engineers solve the problem and create the tiny cell phones we have today? The genius of the cell phone system is the idea of a cell. At the time it was conceived the idea was incredibly audacious. The idea proposes that cell phone companies would put up cell phone towers (which cost on the order of $1 million each) on a grid approximately four miles apart. A large city would need dozens of towers, and when cell phones started there were zero existing customers. Cell phone companies had to invest millions of dollars on the hope that customers would buy into the idea. But if you put up all these towers, it means that the radio in the cell phone only has to transmit, at most, two miles or so. The cell-phone radio doesn't have to be much more powerful than the radio in a walkie-talkie, which keeps the phone and the battery requirements small. There was another part of the original cell phone idea that was audacious. A normal walkie-talkie can only transmit on one frequency. Cell phones can transmit on hundreds of frequencies. That means that one tower can handle dozens of simultaneous calls without people interfering with each other. Each cell phone uses a different frequency to talk to the tower. And each cell phone actually uses two frequencies simultaneously for a call, so you and your friend can talk at the same time without the walkie-talkie's push-to-talk button. And there is another radio in your phone that is always talking with the tower, even if you aren't on a call. This radio handles the control channel. When a call comes in, the tower talks to your phone on the control channel to set the call up. The tower tells your phone what frequencies to use for the call, and also sends stuff like the caller ID to the phone. The control channel handles one other important feature of cell phones. Let's say you are in your car driving down the road while talking on the phone. Your phone is connected to one tower, but it is driving away from it. As you get closer to the next tower, the towers communicate and arrange a hand-off. Your phone gets a message on the control channel telling it to change frequencies. It starts talking to the new tower, and you don't even know it. As you are driving along, your phone might switch between 10 different towers on a single call. The original cell phones were called analog cell phones. That was the first generation. These were replaced by digital cell phones, because several digital calls can fit in the space of one analog call. Digital cell phones were the second generation. Now we are in the third generation, or 3G, where the towers and phones can handle calls as well as high-speed data connections. The data connection allows a phone to browse web pages, get stock quotes, read email, watch videos, etc. When you think about it, it is truly amazing that in your pocket you can have a mini laptop computer that is always connected to the Internet, combined with the ability to talk to anyone in the world. ——— Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Comment by clicking here. Previously: What went obsolete in the last decade? How cholesterol works How leather works How vaccines work How the smart grid works How sea level works How employee screening works How to avoid catching a cold How bread works How a home energy audit works How Omega-3 fatty acids work Social networking How trick birthday candles work How electric cars like the Nissan Leaf work How a manned mission to Mars works How gold works How bad breath works How the ultimate sunglasses work Any rocket is easily converted to a missile How to have a great staycation How a black box works How a solar roof works How nuclear bombs work How the Hubble Space Telescope works How hay fever works How to know when to rent vs. buy How swine flu works How a kidney dialysis machine works How children die in hot cars How a trillion dollars works How electronic cigarettes work How chimpanzees work How in vitro fertilization works How supertankers work How poisons work How corn works How dog ID chips work How President Obama's limousine works How emergency power works How aircraft carriers work How antibiotics and vaccines work How mucus works How iron and steel work How aspirin works How igloos work How the Predator UAV works How retention ponds work How water absorbers work How melamine works How digital music works How coal mining works How an economic depression works How the liver works How 3D movies work How oil pipelines work How jet packs work How seismographs work How Olympic technology works How Personal Rapid Transit works How 3G works How the Global Position System (GPS) works How octane works How cruise missiles work How submarines work How miles work How octane works How food preservation works How beer works How holding your breath works How smoke detectors work How heat pumps work How your night vision works How concentrating solar collectors work How your key fob works How the common cold works How the Large Hadron Collider Works How making a TV show works How dry cleaning works How exoskeletons work How an oil refinery works How landfills work How the Orion spacecraft works The cutting edge in HDTV Redefining the CD How the HDMI cable scam works How glow-in-the-dark toys work How the subprime mortgage crisis works How gift cards work How Tasers work How giant TV screens work How foreclosure works How Air Force One works How wildfire fighting works How vitamins work How ejection seats work How reattaching limbs works How hot air balloons work How paparazzi work How counterfeiting works How CDs work How the Edsel worked How Stinger missiles work How hybrid cars work How sharks work How mosquitoes work How diesel engines work How water towers work How the Dawn mission works How Kassam rockets work How the North American Eagle works Why aren't we flying to work? How tofu and soy milk work How Colony Collapse Disorder works How airbags work How the U.S. income tax works How gum works How caffeine works How Daylight Saving Time works How a cruise missile works How snow making works © 2007, How Stuff Works Inc. Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

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