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Jewish World Review How Stuff Works: How supertankers work By Marshall Brain http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | (MCT) The biggest ships in the world are the supertankers that carry oil. The United States depends on these ships because the U.S. imports millions of barrels of oil every day. Most of it arrives on supertankers. A typical supertanker holds about 2 million barrels of oil and is approximately 1,000 feet long. The biggest supertankers weigh more than a billion pounds once they are loaded up. The biggest supertanker ever built is named the Knock Nevis. It holds 4 million barrels of oil (about 170 million gallons) and is more than 1,500 feet long. After a long career on the open ocean, it is now a floating storage tank. How do you get a ship this large moving? It takes a huge engine - the largest diesel engines in the world. A typical engine might produce 30,000 horsepower. The size of these engines is difficult to visualize, but imagine two or three city buses stacked on top of each other. An engine like this burns tens of thousands of gallons of diesel fuel per day. Loading a ship this big takes time. A loading platform for a supertanker might have three flexible pipes to fill the ship. The pipes are 16 inches in diameter and each one pumps 75,000 barrels of oil per hour. Even with all that, it takes nine or 10 hours to load the ship. There are lots of things to worry about while loading. Tides, waves and weather cause motion, and all pipes have to be able to handle the motion without leaking. Keeping the ship balanced is also a concern. For example, if oil flows into front tanks and is not balanced by oil or ballast in the rear, the ship will tip forward. And then there are the vapors, which are highly flammable. As the supertanker fills, it pushes out these vapors. Usually the vapors are captured and piped back to shore. Then the remaining airspace in the supertanker is filled with inert gas to eliminate the possibility of the vapors catching fire and exploding. Because supertankers are so large, they often cannot enter normal ports once they reach their destinations. Special offshore platforms are used instead. These platforms connect to land with large underwater pipelines. Huge pumps keep the oil flowing from the tanker to land. Once onshore, pipelines carry the oil to refineries or storage tanks. Supertankers are very hard to maneuver. For example, stopping a supertanker that is under way at its cruising speed can take about 10 miles in an emergency situation. What happens when one is close to shore and a storm comes up? Or what if the captain makes a mistake and hits a rock? You can get a very big mess because of an oil spill. By 2015, all supertankers in U.S. water will have to have two hulls in order to reduce the number of spills. The inner hull is the lining of the ship's oil tanks. The outer hull is the part in the ocean. The air separation between the inner and outer hulls makes an oil spill less likely in low-speed incidents. One of the worst oil spills in U.S. history happened in Alaska when the Exxon Valdez tanker ship hit a reef in 1989. It spilled 11 million gallons of crude oil into the ocean. They tried burning some of the oil. They tried skimming the oil out of the water. They tried adding chemicals to disperse the oil. Nothing worked, and an ill-timed storm drove the oil onto miles and miles of beaches. Hundreds of thousands of animals died, and many beaches are still contaminated today, many years later. There is an oil spill of 10,000 gallons or more somewhere in the United States roughly every other day. A spill of over a million gallons happens about twice a year. But supertankers are only responsible for about 2 percent of these incidents. The vast majority occur around pipelines and storage facilities. It's still a big number - roughly three spills per year due to supertankers - but it must be considered in the context of the huge volumes of oil carried by these ships. The next time you pull up at the pump, consider the gigantic ships that make your fill-up possible. Several of them dock in the U.S. every day. Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Comment by clicking here. Previously: How poisons work How corn works How dog ID chips work How President Obama's limousine works How emergency power works How aircraft carriers work How antibiotics and vaccines work How mucus works How iron and steel work How aspirin works How igloos work How the Predator UAV works How retention ponds work How water absorbers work How melamine works How digital music works How coal mining works How an economic depression works How the liver works How 3D movies work How oil pipelines work How jet packs work How seismographs work How Olympic technology works How Personal Rapid Transit works How 3G works How the Global Position System (GPS) works How octane works How cruise missiles work How submarines work How miles work How octane works How food preservation works How beer works How holding your breath works How smoke detectors work How heat pumps work How your night vision works How concentrating solar collectors work How your key fob works How the common cold works How the Large Hadron Collider Works How making a TV show works How dry cleaning works How exoskeletons work How an oil refinery works How landfills work How the Orion spacecraft works The cutting edge in HDTV Redefining the CD How the HDMI cable scam works How glow-in-the-dark toys work How the subprime mortgage crisis works How gift cards work How Tasers work How giant TV screens work How foreclosure works How Air Force One works How wildfire fighting works How vitamins work How ejection seats work How reattaching limbs works How hot air balloons work How paparazzi work How counterfeiting works How CDs work How the Edsel worked How Stinger missiles work How hybrid cars work How sharks work How mosquitoes work How diesel engines work How water towers work How the Dawn mission works How Kassam rockets work How the North American Eagle works Why aren't we flying to work? How tofu and soy milk work How Colony Collapse Disorder works How airbags work How the U.S. income tax works How gum works How caffeine works How Daylight Saving Time works How a cruise missile works How snow making works © 2007, How Stuff Works Inc. Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

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