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Jewish World Review How Stuff Works: How chimpanzees work By Marshall Brain http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | (MCT) Chimpanzees have been in the news lately for a variety of reasons. Let's take a look at how they work. Humans are fascinated with chimpanzees, and it is for a good reason. When we look at chimps, it is like looking at a fuzzy and primitive reflection in a mirror. We see what human beings would look like if we did not have language and several other important skills. We see the "wild animal" version of a human being. You have probably heard that chimpanzees share 99 percent of their functional genes with human beings. But it is important to recognize that humans share 60 percent of their genes with fruit flies. Many genes are common to living creatures. Small genetic differences can have big effects. The genetic differences between humans and chimps lead to quite remarkable differences between the two species. Some of these differences are obvious. Chimps are hairy all over, their arms are longer, their brains are smaller and a chimp's teeth are huge compared to human teeth. There are many unseen differences as well. Chimps are more muscular than humans, and their muscles are stronger than human muscle. This means that a chimp will be several times stronger than a human of the same weight. And our brains are very different. For several decades scientists have been rigorously comparing the minds of chimps and apes with the minds of humans. The findings are surprising. Take, for example, language. Human children pick up language like little language sponges. No special training is required. It happens completely naturally. Chimps don't have the same voice box that humans have so that makes spoken language impossible for chimps. Therefore scientists try to teach them sign or symbol languages. Primates can learn some language. But it certainly is not natural. It might take hundreds of trials to teach a chimpanzee a word. A chimp, with rigorous training, might gain the language aptitude of a 2-year-old human - a few hundred words and very simple grammar. Some chimps don't get it at all. These mental differences extend far and wide. For example, maps seem to be completely opaque to chimps. Even if you take a piece of fabric the same size as a room and let a chimp watch you draw the location of the furniture on this map, chimps do not understand what is going on. Higher human functions like math, music, literature, etc. are completely inaccessible to chimps. But chimps do share some basic mental qualities with humans. For example, they understand the basic idea of fairness and can distinguish between right and wrong in simple cases. Chimps tend to live in social groups where a sense of fairness and cooperation would help the group to work together. This does not, however, change the fact that chimps are wild animals. And this is one place where adult chimps and adult humans seem very different. Human beings do get angry. A minority of humans have trouble controlling their anger and can fly into an uncontrollable rage. We generally place this small group of human beings in jail to keep them from hurting others. Chimps, and especially adult male chimps, seem to have far less restraint. They are much more aggressive than human beings. This aggression, combined with the strength, can be a deadly combination. Chimps can be extremely dangerous animals when they become enraged. It is not uncommon for chimps to attack. It is not uncommon for them to bite off fingers and resort to other forms of mutilation. We tend to anthropomorphize chimps, but, because they are wild animals, they are nothing like human beings once their anger has been triggered. This is interesting because, as youngsters, chimps are adorable, curious and playful. Humans can become attached to a young chimp, like they can to any pet. But once chimps reach adulthood, they can change completely. Think about a male calf turning into a bull. A male calf might make a nice pet, but a bull definitely would not because of its aggression. For this reason, there are now sanctuaries that provide care for adult chimpanzees who, for example, have had Hollywood careers as youngsters. Male chimpanzees reach subadulthood around age 12 and adulthood around age 15, and can live as long as 70 years. So these sanctuaries provide long-term housing for a large number of animals. Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here. Comment by clicking here. Previously: How in vitro fertilization works How supertankers work How poisons work How corn works How dog ID chips work How President Obama's limousine works How emergency power works How aircraft carriers work How antibiotics and vaccines work How mucus works How iron and steel work How aspirin works How igloos work How the Predator UAV works How retention ponds work How water absorbers work How melamine works How digital music works How coal mining works How an economic depression works How the liver works How 3D movies work How oil pipelines work How jet packs work How seismographs work How Olympic technology works How Personal Rapid Transit works How 3G works How the Global Position System (GPS) works How octane works How cruise missiles work How submarines work How miles work How octane works How food preservation works How beer works How holding your breath works How smoke detectors work How heat pumps work How your night vision works How concentrating solar collectors work How your key fob works How the common cold works How the Large Hadron Collider Works How making a TV show works How dry cleaning works How exoskeletons work How an oil refinery works How landfills work How the Orion spacecraft works The cutting edge in HDTV Redefining the CD How the HDMI cable scam works How glow-in-the-dark toys work How the subprime mortgage crisis works How gift cards work How Tasers work How giant TV screens work How foreclosure works How Air Force One works How wildfire fighting works How vitamins work How ejection seats work How reattaching limbs works How hot air balloons work How paparazzi work How counterfeiting works How CDs work How the Edsel worked How Stinger missiles work How hybrid cars work How sharks work How mosquitoes work How diesel engines work How water towers work How the Dawn mission works How Kassam rockets work How the North American Eagle works Why aren't we flying to work? How tofu and soy milk work How Colony Collapse Disorder works How airbags work How the U.S. income tax works How gum works How caffeine works How Daylight Saving Time works How a cruise missile works How snow making works © 2007, How Stuff Works Inc. Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.

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