Jewish World Review Feb. 24, 2003 / 22 Adar I, 5763
HEALTH SENSE: Remembering as you sleep
By Judy Foreman
http://www.NewsAndOpinion.com |
Brain researchers would like nothing better than to come up with a neat paradigm
of how sleep affects memory. It would go something like this:
Learning creates chemical changes in specific cells in specific parts of the brain.
When a person sleeps shortly after learning, and perhaps especially when she
dreams that night, the brain takes these fragile, new memories, shuffles them
around into a more permanent home, or at least a more permanent set of neural
circuits. And -- presto! -- the memories would be firmly "consolidated'' by morning.
"Everybody knows sleep has something to do with memory -- except people who
study sleep and memory,'' says Robert Stickgold, an assistant professor of
psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.
There are two main reasons confidence in such a simple scenario is impossible, as
least for now: At the electrical and biochemical level, sleep is devilishly
complicated. Memory is even more so. A night's sleep typically goes from light
sleep (stages 1 and 2) to deeper sleep (stages 3 and 4, known as slow-wave
sleep). All of these are called non-REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.
Non-REM sleep alternates with REM, or dreaming sleep, with REM periods getting
longer and non-REM periods getting shorter as the night progresses.
One reason for thinking that REM sleep may be involved in memory consolidation
is that the brain behaves differently during slow-wave and REM sleep. During deep
sleep, the brain is relatively inactive, and electrical patterns are slow and
synchronized; during REM, it is extremely active and desynchronized.
Brain chemistry changes too. During REM, some neurotransmitters, or chemical
messengers, especially norepinephrine and serotonin, are virtually shut off while
others, notably acetylcholine, believed to be a memory booster, go up.
Memory is even trickier. Scientists divide memory into two basic categories,
declarative and procedural. That's the difference between "knowing that'' and
"knowing how,'' says psychologist Carlyle Smith of Trent University in
Peterborough, Canada.
Declarative memory involves learning facts -- knowing that the French Revolution
began in 1789. Knowing how is knowing, often without knowing that you know --
knowing how to turn the key in the ignition to start the car. Declarative memory is
"explicit'' and usually consciously acquired; procedural memory is "implicit,'' often
unconsciously acquired.
The trouble is, although declarative memory is what most of us mean when we talk
about memory, most of what researchers study is procedural memory -- the less
juicy stuff like learning finger-tapping exercises.
For declarative memory, there is little evidence that sleep, even REM sleep, has
any effect, Smith says. "No matter what I have done -- I have deprived people of
sleep, I have deprived people of REM sleep, I have deprived them of non-REM sleep
-- and I have never seen any difference (in declarative memory) between people who
got a good night's sleep and those who didn't.''
Dr. Jerome Siegel, professor of psychiatry at the UCLA School of Medicine,
agrees, noting in a paper in Science in 2001 that the evidence for such a link is
"weak and contradictory.'' And a link between sleep and procedural memory?
That's stronger. In 1991, researchers studied people learning trampolining, which
required new, complex motor skills. The best learners showed increases in REM
sleep (and no differences in non-REM sleep); those in control groups who
expended the same number of calories but didn't learn new motor skills showed no
difference in either REM or non-REM sleep.
REM and some non-REM sleep may help with a different type of procedural task --
visual learning. In a paper published in 2000, Stickgold and his team found that
improvement on a visual task increased with stage 3 and 4 slow-wave sleep in the
first part of the night, and with REM later in the night. The real payoff, he finds, is
with REM sleep in the final two hours of an eight-hour sleep.
In a sequel to Stickgold's studies, doctoral student Sara Mednick wanted "to see if
napping had the same effect as a night's sleep.'' To find out, she used the same
visual memory task and tested volunteers on it at four points in the same day. They
all got worse as the day went on. Then she let some volunteers take a half-hour
nap between the second and third session and others, an hour nap.
The half-hour nappers were able to stop the decline in performance. The
hour-nappers not only stopped the decline but performed as well as they had first
thing in the morning. The long nappers, by the way, exhibited both slow-wave sleep
and some REM sleep.
The bottom line in all this? There is still much that remains a mystery. Someday,
maybe they'll figure it all out. For now, "the simple answer is that we don't know,''
Stickgold says. "You push this system just a bit and you stumble onto complete
ignorance.''
Judy Foreman is a lecturer at Harvard Medical School. Comment by clicking here.
How do we store while we snore? Like dreams, the connection between memory
and slumber is open to interpretation